STANDARD_NAME KEGG_THYROID_CANCER SYSTEMATIC_NAME M523 COLLECTION C2:CP:KEGG_LEGACY MSIGDB_URL https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_THYROID_CANCER NAMESPACE Human_NCBI_Gene_ID DESCRIPTION_BRIEF Thyroid cancer DESCRIPTION_FULL Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most frequent neoplasia originating from the thyroid epithelium, accounts for about 80% of all thyroid cancers. Chimeric oncogenes, created by chromosomal rearrangements involving prevalently RET and, to a less extent, NTRK1 loci, are implicated in the development of papillary carcinoma.These are inappropriately expressed and stimulate constitutive signaling, bypassing the need for receptor activation by growth factors. Alternatively, mutant RAS directly stimulates BRAF, whereas mutant BRAF directly stimulates MEK. Of all thyroid cancers, 15-20% are follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). The most distinctive molecular features of follicular carcinoma are the prominence of aneuploidy and the high prevalence of RAS mutations and PAX8-PPAR-gamma rearrangements. The PPAR-gamma rearrangement functions through a dominant-negative effect on the transcriptional activity of wild-type PPAR-gamma. The fusion oncoprotein contributes to malignant transformation by targeting several cellular pathways, some of which are normally engaged by PPAR-gamma. Most poorly differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas are considered to derive from pre-existing well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma through additional genetic events, including beta-catenin nuclear accumulation and p53 inactivation, but de novo occurrence might also occur. PMID GEOID AUTHORS CONTRIBUTOR KEGG CONTRIBUTOR_ORG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes EXACT_SOURCE hsa05216 FILTERED_BY_SIMILARITY EXTERNAL_NAMES_FOR_SIMILAR_TERMS EXTERNAL_DETAILS_URL http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway/hsa/hsa05216.html SOURCE_MEMBERS 10342,1499,3265,3845,4609,4893,4914,51176,5468,5594,5595,5604,5605,595,5979,6256,6257,6258,673,6932,6934,7157,7170,7175,7849,8030,8031,83439,999 GENE_SYMBOLS TFG,CTNNB1,HRAS,KRAS,MYC,NRAS,NTRK1,LEF1,PPARG,MAPK1,MAPK3,MAP2K1,MAP2K2,CCND1,RET,RXRA,RXRB,RXRG,BRAF,TCF7,TCF7L2,TP53,TPM3,TPR,PAX8,CCDC6,NCOA4,TCF7L1,CDH1 FOUNDER_NAMES